sample of US unleaded gasoline has been reported to contain 44.5% heavy catalytically cracked naphtha (23),22% light alkylate naphtha (13),21.3% light reformed naphtha (16), 7.6% light catalytically cracked naphtha (22),3.8% added butane and 0.8% added benzene (MacFarland et al., 1984; CRCS, 1985). According to CONCA WE, the aromatic fraction of Performance Properties Since the primary function of aviation turbine fuel (jet fuel) is to power an aircraft,energycontent and combustion quality are key fuel performance properties. Other significant perform-ance properties are stability, lubricity, fluidity, volatility, non-corrosivity, and cleanliness.Besides providing a source of energy, fuel is also used as hydraulic fluid in engine Technical Notes #42 We're Going Global GASOLINE COMPOSITION BY ASTM D1319 FIA The three major types of hydrocarbons in gasoline are saturates, olefins, and aromatics. They may be identified and quantified by running ASTM D1319(EI IP156) Hydrocarbon Types in Liquid Petroleum Products by Fluorescent Indicator Adsorption commonly called FIA. Safety Data Sheet Gasoline, Unleaded SECTION 1. PRODUCT AND COMPANY IDENTIFICATION Product name : Gasoline, Unleaded Synonyms: Blend of Highly Flammable Petroleum Distillates, Regular, Mid-Grade, Premium, 888100008809 SDS Number : 888100008809 Version: 1.1 Product Use Description : Fuel Company: For: Tesoro Refining & Marketing Co. 19100 Ridgewood Parkway, San Antonio, TX 78259 In fresh gasoline, the ratio normally ranges from about 0.8 to 1.1. The ratio declines as dissolution of the aromatics European changes to gasoline composition in 1996 Europe USA California Canada When? 1996 1995 1994 1998 Benzene (vol%) 5 1 2 Gasoline Composition in the U.S. from Three Datasets 1976-2017. James W. Weaver (Retired) United States Environmental Protection Agency - Office of Research and Development - National Risk Management Research Laboratory - Groundwater, Watershed, and Ecosystem Restoration Division - Ada, Oklahoma. Gasoline composition has changed throughout Similarly, with the help of gaschromatographic PIONA analysis, the components of a gasoline can be separated into paraffins, iso -paraffins, olefins, naphthenes and aromatics. At the same time, single components like benzene and oxygenated species can be quantified. Benzene contents are often also determined with infrared spectroscopy (IR). Gasoline is made from crude oil by mixing natural constituents of the crude with constituents formed from the crude during the refining process, as well as other nonpetroleum-based constituents such as alco- hols or ethers made from alcohols. The four major groups of petroleum-based constituents of gasoline are: gasoline composition andtail-pipe emissions.-Environ Health Perspect 102(Suppl 4):3-12 (1994). Keywords: air toxics, chemometricmodels, emissions speciation, fuel composition, ozoneprecursors, reformulatedfuels, vehicle emissions Introduction Recentstudies showthat thechemicalcompo-sition andmagnitude ofvehicle exhaust emis- Gasoline (American English and Canadian English; / ˈ ɡ æ s ə l iː n /) or petrol (British English and Australian English; / ˈ p ɛ t r ə l /) (see Etymology for naming differences and geographic usage) is a transparent, petroleum-derived flammable liquid that is used primarily as a fuel in most spark-ignited internal combustion engines (also known as petrol engines). ~90% gasoline ASTM SPEC • Ethanol > 92.1% • Water < 1% • Methanol < 0.5% • Solvent-wasted gum < 5 mg/100 mL