been efforts to find a new and better method that is more effective, by empowering the indegenous technical knowledge of the village community as a source of information to analyze and use for the experts from outside. III FROM RRA TO PRA The Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) approach is the largest contributor, for both Participatory Rural Appraisal and Rapid Rural Appraisal (henceforth PRA/RRA) began with a workshop on RRA (in which I was a participant) organised in 1980 by Robert Chambers at the Institute of Development Studies in Sussex. That workshop brought together three distinct themes: • A populist concern to introduce a more 'people-oriented Chapter 1: Evolution of Participatory Rural Appraisal. Chapter 2: The Concept and Principles of Participatory Rural Appraisal. Chapter 3: Participatory Mapping. Chapter 4: Participatory Modelling. Chapter 5: Transects. Chapter 6: Mobility Map. Chapter 7: Venn Diagram or Chappati Diagram. Chapter 8: Flow Diagrams. Chapter 9: Timeline. - rapid rural appraisal. (a) Activistparticipator research The term "activist participatory research" is used to refer to a family of approaches and methods which use dialogue and participatory research to enhance people's awareness and confidence, and to empower their action. Participatory rural appraisal approaches: an overview and an exemplary application of focus group discussion in climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies By International Journal of Agricultural Research, Innovation and Technology (IJARIT) Participatory rural appraisal (PRA) is a growing combination of approaches that enable vulnerable people to share, enhance, and analyze their knowledge of life and conditions, to plan and act and to monitor and evaluate. The role of the outsider is that of a catalyst, a facilitator of processes within a community that is prepared to alter their Module II Introducing Participatory Approaches, Methods and Tools. Þ This Module introduces the basics of Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) and Participatory Learning and Action (PLA) along with some of the main tools commonly used in these and other participatory approaches. Participatory Rural Appraisal - FSN) Network Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) methods, now known as Participatory Learning and Action (PLA), have been extensively used in development research, action and evaluation. This book is based on the author's decade-long intensive field experience—each method is explained by drawing on field-based illustrations. The book vividly describes the methods of PRA, highlighting the essential and participatory rural appraisal (PRA), and in French methode acceUrie de recherche partici­ pative (Gueye & Freudenberger 1991). The purpose of this paper is to outline the histo­ ry. principles and methods of RRA and PRA, and to examine their potential for the fu­ ture. 2 RRA: ORIGINS AND EVOLUTION The philosophy, approaches and methods Participatory Rural Appraisal: Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA for short) is an approach to collect data or to learn about situations and conditions in rural areas. This has a menu (or basket of) methods and tools. Depending on the type / nature of data required for our purpose, we can choose appropriate PRA methods and tools for data The term Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) (Mascarenhas el a/., 1991) is being used to describe a growing family of approaches and methods to enable lo