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The different modes of protection are given below in the three important orders of class Amphibia. 1. Protection by Means of Nests, Nurseries and Shelters: A number of different species of frogs and toads construct nests or shelters of leaves or other materials in which the eggs are deposited and the youngs are developed. A. Estimates of the incidence of major classes of parental care by birds are drawn from classical studies that preceded both the publication of a massive secondary literature and the revolution driven by molecular approaches to avian phylogeny. Here, I review this literature in the light of new phylogenetic hypotheses and estimate the prevalence of six distinct modes of care: use of geothermal Naturalists studying bird courtship or parental care of the young by mammals strive to blend into the background or watch from a great distance, or they may rely on a camera concealed in a shrub. Films of behavior made in natural settings appear at face value to provide intimate looks at nature free from human influence. Parental investment: "any investment by the parent in an individual offspring that increases the offspring's chance of surviving at the cost of the parent's ability to invest in other offspring (Trivers 1972) Costs of parental care include Reduced future survival Reduced mating opportunities Parental care can decrease adult survival Parental care decreases mating opportunities Parental The simplest form of fish parental care is hiding of the eggs. Female salmon and trout, for example, will excavate nests (redds) by digging simple depressions with their tails; the eggs that are laid in these redds are fertilized and then buried by the female. This video explains parental care in Birds Parental care in Birds pdf notes- drive.google.com/file/d/1zYWXGciLls0YZ68XNNUFEbUTl0lYqMzD/view?usp=sha Parental care and fledging Main article: Parental care in birds At the time of their hatching, chicks range in development from helpless to independent, depending on their species. Helpless chicks are termed altricial, and tend to be born small, blind, immobile and naked; chicks that are mobile and feathered upon hatching are termed precocial.Altricial chicks need help thermoregulating and young encourages alloparental care. Birds and mammals possess social qualities that make them more primed to cooperation and helping behaviors. One prominent observation about bird and mammal behavior that could have evolved into alloparental care and cooperative breeding is that birds and mammals engage in parental care and social monogamy. These characteristics would also account for the Parental care can be defined as an association between the parents and the offsprings, so as to increase the chances of the survival of the young ones, and in fishes it includes all the post-spawning care of the offsprings by the parents. Most fishes do not care for their eggs or youngs and leave the spawning grounds soon after fertilisation. 2.2 Mono-parental care; 2.3 Parental care in polyandrous species; 3 Factors affecting parental care. 3.1 Ecological conditions; 3.2 Female birds can determine the sex of their chicks; 3.3