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The terrestrial biosphere is the part of the Earth system that consists of all ecosystems and living organisms, in the atmosphere, on land; and marine biosphere contains all ecosystems and living organisms in the oceans, including derived dead organic matter, such as litter, soil organic matter, and oceanic detritus (Planton, 2013 ). The Geosphere The geosphere includes the rocks and minerals on Earth - from the molten rock and heavy metals in the deep interior of the planet to the sand on beaches and peaks of mountains. The geosphere also includes the abiotic (non-living) parts of soils and the skeletons of animals that may become fossilized over geologic time. Expected Changes of the Biosphere 358 10.2.1. Climatic Conditions of the Near Future 358 10.2.2. The Biosphere's Effects of Climatic Changes 363 10.2.3. The Distant Future of the Biosphere 372 10.3. Man in the Universe 377 10.3.1. Life in the Universe 377 10.3.2. The Biosphere's Stability 380 10.3.3. The Uniqueness of the Earth's Biosphere 390 The Four Main Spheres of Earth: Hydrosphere, Biosphere, Lithosphere and Atmosphere The earth is the 3rd planet from the sun between Venus and Mars. The earth is made up of several unique properties, characteristics, composition and they all affect the processes of the earth differently. Biosphere: Hydrosphere: Cryosphere: Dissolved gases from the Atmosphere affect the chemistry of the Geosphere. For example, carbon dioxide dissolved in rainwater produces a weak acid that weathers rock at Earth's surface. Organisms help form and weather rocks. Organisms in the ocean provide the material that form carbonate rocks at eruption in the geosphere may cause profound direct and indirect effects on the hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere as follows. Example: (Volcano) On May 18, 1980, Mount Saint Helens, in the state of Washington, erupted. This event altered the surrounding environment, and provided scientists with an opportunity to study the effects of volcanic covering the geosphere and biosphere. There are international programmes that are close to the goals of positive and negative feedbacks, making the total Earth IGBP. In these cases IGBP will attempt a joint partner system a very complex one indeed. Unless we identify ship with them. The core projects will usually be The biosphere is made up of the parts of Earth where life exists. The biosphere extends from the deepest root systems of trees, to the dark environment of ocean trenches, to lush rainforests and high mountaintops. Scientists describe Earth in terms of spheres. The solid surface layer of Earth is the lithosphere.The atmosphere is the layer of air that stretches above the lithosphere. Geosphere o Lack of oxygen allowed iron to stay is soluble form in the water and when oxygen was created (cyanobacteria photosynthesising); it reacted with the soluble iron and precipitated, forming thin layers on the ocean floor. Very little of this oxygen would have entered the atmosphere due to amount of dissolved iron in the ocean. The geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere are each a system.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment is limited to the interactions of two systems at a time.] This